DavisStrait Sep10 * SG183 * Dive index * Mission links * Dive 233 * Log results * Raw log file
prev dive * next dive * dive

Parameter values: Sort by alphabetical glider order
ID  183 HD_C  9.9999997e-06 ROLL_MIN  330 ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN  0
MISSION  3 HEADING  -1 ROLL_MAX  3931 ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE  1
DIVE  233 ESCAPE_HEADING  0 ROLL_DEG  40 ALTIM_PING_DEPTH  0
N_DIVES  0 ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA  10 C_ROLL_DIVE  2780 ALTIM_PING_DELTA  20
D_SURF  3 FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT  0 C_ROLL_CLIMB  2600 ALTIM_FREQUENCY  13
D_FLARE  5 TGT_DEFAULT_LAT  4736 HEAD_ERRBAND  10 ALTIM_PULSE  4
D_TGT  990 TGT_DEFAULT_LON  -12218 ROLL_CNV  0.028270001 ALTIM_SENSITIVITY  3
D_ABORT  1050 TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT  0 ROLL_TIMEOUT  15 XPDR_VALID  3
D_NO_BLEED  50 SM_CC  350 R_PORT_OVSHOOT  34 XPDR_INHIBIT  90
D_BOOST  3 N_FILEKB  8 R_STBD_OVSHOOT  25 INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE  0.0097660003
T_BOOST  0 FILEMGR  0 ROLL_AD_RATE  350 INT_PRESSURE_YINT  -0.89999998
D_FINISH  0 CALL_NDIVES  1 ROLL_MAXERRORS  1 DEEPGLIDER  0
D_PITCH  0 COMM_SEQ  0 ROLL_ADJ_GAIN  2.5 DEEPGLIDERMB  0
D_SAFE  0 PROTOCOL  9 ROLL_ADJ_DBAND  0.029999999 MOTHERBOARD  4
D_CALL  0 N_NOCOMM  1 VBD_MIN  440 DEVICE1  2
SURFACE_URGENCY  0 N_NOSURFACE  0 VBD_MAX  3960 DEVICE2  20
SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY  0 UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX  -1 C_VBD  2923 DEVICE3  -1
SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE  0 CALL_TRIES  5 VBD_DBAND  2 DEVICE4  -1
T_DIVE  330 CALL_WAIT  60 VBD_CNV  -0.24529999 DEVICE5  -1
T_MISSION  400 CAPUPLOAD  0 VBD_TIMEOUT  720 DEVICE6  -1
T_ABORT  1440 CAPMAXSIZE  100000 PITCH_VBD_SHIFT  0.00065 LOGGERS  0
T_TURN  225 HEAPDBG  0 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE  5 LOGGERDEVICE1  -1
T_TURN_SAMPINT  5 T_GPS  8 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE  4 LOGGERDEVICE2  -1
T_NO_W  120 N_GPS  20 VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE  8 LOGGERDEVICE3  -1
T_LOITER  0 T_GPS_ALMANAC  0 UNCOM_BLEED  50 LOGGERDEVICE4  -1
USE_BATHY  -3 T_GPS_CHARGE  -8038.0566 VBD_MAXERRORS  1 COMPASS_DEVICE  33
USE_ICE  0 T_RSLEEP  3 CF8_MAXERRORS  20 COMPASS2_DEVICE  117
ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN  0.30000001 STROBE  0 AH0_24V  150 PHONE_DEVICE  49
D_OFFGRID  100 RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET  1.5 AH0_10V  100 GPS_DEVICE  32
T_WATCHDOG  10 RAFOS_CORR_THRESH  60 MINV_24V  19 RAFOS_DEVICE  64
RELAUNCH  1 RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW  3600 MINV_10V  8 XPDR_DEVICE  24
APOGEE_PITCH  -5 PITCH_MIN  311 FG_AHR_10V  0 SIM_W  0
MAX_BUOY  150 PITCH_MAX  3850 FG_AHR_24V  0 SIM_PITCH  0
COURSE_BIAS  0 C_PITCH  2475 PHONE_SUPPLY  2 SEABIRD_T_G  0.0043469137
GLIDE_SLOPE  30 PITCH_DBAND  0.1 PRESSURE_YINT  -62.615704 SEABIRD_T_H  0.00062159239
SPEED_FACTOR  1 PITCH_CNV  0.003125763 PRESSURE_SLOPE  0.00012025224 SEABIRD_T_I  2.0014088e-05
RHO  1.0275 P_OVSHOOT  0.039999999 AD7714Ch0Gain  128 SEABIRD_T_J  1.6690842e-06
MASS  51717 PITCH_GAIN  37 TCM_PITCH_OFFSET  0 SEABIRD_C_G  -9.9685602
NAV_MODE  2 PITCH_TIMEOUT  17 TCM_ROLL_OFFSET  0 SEABIRD_C_H  1.1354375
FERRY_MAX  45 PITCH_AD_RATE  160 COMPASS_USE  1 SEABIRD_C_I  -0.0013495153
KALMAN_USE  2 PITCH_MAXERRORS  1 ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE  0 SEABIRD_C_J  0.00019269099
HD_A  0.003 PITCH_ADJ_GAIN  0 ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE  0
HD_B  0.0099999998 PITCH_ADJ_DBAND  0 ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN  10

Pre-dive calculations and measurements:
GPS1  241010,184724,6654.975,-5812.800,53,1.9,53,-37.8 TGT_NAME  TARGET_E
_CALLS  2 TGT_LATLONG  6703.000,-5648.000
_XMS_NAKs  0 TGT_RADIUS  2000.000
_XMS_TOUTs  0 KALMAN_CONTROL  0.000,0.000
_SM_DEPTHo  1.64 KALMAN_X  0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0
_SM_ANGLEo  -67.4 KALMAN_Y  0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0
GPS2  241010,185608,6654.877,-5812.769,14,1.0,14,-37.8 MHEAD_RNG_PITCHd_Wd  124.2,63037,-17.5,-10.000
SPEED_LIMITS  0.173,0.260 D_GRID  910

Post-dive calculations and measurements:
FINISH  2.6,1.025707 ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING  17276.0,17310.0
SM_CCo  18754,95.85,0.086,0,0,1496,350.04 _24V_AH  22.4,29.779
SM_GC  1.92,0.00,0.00,95.85,0.000,0.000,0.086,295,2789,1496,-6.81,0.25,350.04 _10V_AH  10.1,23.188
RAFOS_CLK  1012 FG_AHR_24Vo  0.000
RAFOS  0,1287950466,20.033333,20.018333,87,52,48,46,42,42,969,621,1076,1038,1208,822 FG_AHR_10Vo  0.000
RAFOS_FIX  6654.193359,-5807.348145,241010,202048,6,102,0.74 MEM  189560
IRIDIUM_FIX  6631.12,-5818.88,241010,181811 DATA_FILE_SIZE  53317,1530
TT8_MAMPS  0.028462 CAP_FILE_SIZE  182547,0
HUMID  49.17 CFSIZE  260165632,233410560
INTERNAL_PRESSURE  8.55349 ERRORS  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
TCM_TEMP  15.00 SOUNDSPEED  1458.8
XPDR_PINGS  0 CURRENT  0.244,117.1,1
ALTIM_TOP_PING  17321.0,17327.0 GPS  251010,001307,6653.769,-5803.758,25,1.7,25,-37.7

Energy measurements:
devicesecsmAJsensorsecsmAJ
Pitch_motor1625794.85 SBE_CT106824574.50
Roll_motor144100326.23 SBE_O2000.00
VBD_pump_during_apogee25411806721.92 nil000.00
VBD_pump_during_surface9585183.96 nil000.00
VBD_valve000.00 nil000.00
Iridium_during_init57103132.54 nil000.00
Iridium_during_connect80160287.63 nil000.00
Iridium_during_xfer183223914.88 nil000.00
Transponder_ping04200.00 nil000.00
GUMSTIX_24V000.00
GPS17508.68
TT8391319787.43
LPSleep118462276.38
TT8_Active51519103.64
TT8_Sampling2925391179.50
TT8_CF824045111.34
TT8_Kalman000.00
Analog_circuits186412226.03
GPS_charging000.00
Compass256215388.26
RAFOS2880387.26
Transponder050.03

Guidance and control:
st_secs pitch_ctl vbd_ctl depth ob_vertv data_pts end_secs pitch_secs roll_secs vbd_secs vbd_i gcphase pitch_i roll_i pitch_ad roll_ad vbd_ad pitch_retries pitch_errors roll_retries roll_errors vbd_retries vbd_errors
12 end surface: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state 13 begin dive
15 -0.57 -146.0 0.0 0.0 0 107 0.00 0.00 -89.55 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 282 2793 3367 0 0 0 0 0 0
109 -0.57 -146.0 5.4 -12.7 15 130 8.48 2.33 -3.20 0.000 4 0.258 0.061 2283 1369 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
248 -0.57 -146.0 38.6 -15.1 39 255 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2284 2780 3524 0 0 0 0 0 0
590 -0.57 -146.0 78.6 -10.6 100 598 0.00 1.98 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2281 3930 3524 0 0 0 0 0 0
716 -0.57 -146.0 92.9 -11.3 122 723 0.00 1.83 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2281 2789 3524 0 0 0 0 0 0
1052 -0.57 -146.0 127.1 -9.7 159 1053 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2281 2789 3524 0 0 0 0 0 0
1371 -0.57 -146.0 158.6 -9.6 189 1372 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2281 2789 3524 0 0 0 0 0 0
1690 -0.57 -146.0 189.5 -9.4 219 1694 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.051 2280 1362 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
1744 -0.57 -146.0 194.8 -9.0 223 1751 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2280 2802 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
2070 -0.57 -146.0 223.6 -8.5 254 2074 0.00 2.28 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2280 1366 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
2103 -0.57 -146.0 226.7 -9.1 256 2111 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.062 2280 2786 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
2429 -0.57 -146.0 255.2 -9.2 287 2430 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2280 2786 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
2748 -0.57 -146.0 282.8 -8.5 317 2752 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2279 1363 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
2788 -0.57 -146.0 286.3 -8.1 320 2793 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2279 2794 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3113 -0.57 -146.0 312.2 -7.5 350 3117 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2275 3933 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3159 -0.57 -146.0 315.8 -7.9 354 3162 0.00 1.83 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.048 2275 2782 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3490 -0.57 -146.0 342.2 -8.3 385 3494 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.051 2275 1361 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3518 -0.57 -146.0 344.5 -8.3 387 3522 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2275 2781 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3843 -0.57 -146.0 372.1 -8.7 417 3847 0.00 1.92 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2272 3928 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
3900 -0.57 -146.0 377.2 -9.1 422 3903 0.00 1.83 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2272 2776 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
4231 -0.57 -146.0 405.7 -8.4 453 4235 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2272 1370 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
4257 -0.57 -146.0 408.3 -9.1 455 4264 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.062 2272 2778 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
4582 -0.57 -146.0 436.2 -8.9 486 4586 0.00 1.95 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2272 3936 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
4620 -0.57 -146.0 439.9 -9.8 489 4627 0.00 1.88 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2272 2780 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
4946 -0.57 -146.0 468.0 -8.7 520 4950 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2272 1372 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
4985 -0.57 -146.0 471.5 -8.8 523 4989 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2272 2789 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
5314 -0.57 -146.0 498.9 -8.4 553 5319 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2789 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
5639 -0.57 -146.0 526.2 -8.3 584 5640 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2790 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
5957 -0.57 -146.0 552.7 -8.3 614 5958 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2790 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
6276 -0.57 -146.0 579.7 -8.5 644 6280 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2272 3929 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
6314 -0.57 -146.0 583.2 -8.8 647 6322 0.00 1.88 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2272 2776 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
6638 -0.57 -146.0 610.9 -8.8 670 6639 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2776 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
6942 -0.57 -146.0 635.9 -8.1 680 6943 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2776 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
7247 -0.57 -146.0 660.1 -7.9 690 7249 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2776 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
7554 -0.57 -146.0 683.5 -7.7 700 7555 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2776 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
7860 -0.57 -146.0 707.2 -7.9 710 7864 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.051 2272 1372 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
7889 -0.57 -146.0 709.6 -7.9 711 7893 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2272 2785 3523 0 0 0 0 0 0
8229 -0.57 -146.0 736.9 -8.1 722 8233 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.075 2272 3928 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
8273 -0.57 -146.0 741.1 -9.0 723 8277 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.048 2272 2790 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
8603 -0.57 -146.0 766.7 -7.6 734 8607 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.051 2272 1355 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
8640 -0.57 -146.0 769.9 -8.3 735 8644 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2272 2787 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
8970 -0.57 -146.0 794.7 -7.6 746 8974 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.073 2272 3929 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
9006 -0.57 -146.0 797.4 -8.2 747 9010 0.00 1.85 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2272 2775 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
9347 -0.57 -146.0 823.1 -7.5 758 9351 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2272 1365 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
9381 -0.57 -146.0 825.5 -7.3 759 9385 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2272 2785 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
9715 -0.57 -146.0 849.5 -7.0 770 9716 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2271 2785 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
10022 -0.57 -146.0 871.8 -7.2 780 10023 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2272 2785 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
10328 -0.57 -146.0 893.8 -7.1 790 10332 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.050 2272 1359 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
10356 -0.57 -146.0 896.0 -7.4 791 10360 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.063 2272 2778 3522 0 0 0 0 0 0
10567 end dive: TARGET_DEPTH_EXCEEDED
state 10567 begin apogee
10572 -0.14 0.0 910.9 7.1 798 10701 0.45 0.00 123.40 1.180 4 0.135 0.000 2421 2605 2923 0 0 0 0 0 0
10702 end apogee: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state 10702 begin climb
10704 0.57 146.0 914.0 0.0 802 10845 0.70 2.45 130.82 1.157 4 0.073 0.050 2662 1180 2327 0 0 0 0 0 0
11011 0.57 146.0 883.6 37338.7 811 11017 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.057 2662 2598 2318 0 0 0 0 0 0
11330 0.57 146.0 842.1 37338.7 822 11335 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.055 2666 1188 2315 0 0 0 0 0 0
11565 0.57 146.0 813.1 37338.7 829 11570 0.00 2.40 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.057 2666 2609 2315 0 0 0 0 0 0
11900 0.57 146.0 768.4 37338.7 840 11904 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.068 2666 3930 2313 0 0 0 0 0 0
11938 0.57 146.0 762.4 37338.7 841 11943 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.046 2666 2611 2312 0 0 0 0 0 0
12268 0.57 146.0 717.0 37338.7 852 12269 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2666 2609 2312 0 0 0 0 0 0
12574 0.57 146.0 675.5 37338.7 862 12578 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.069 2666 3936 2312 0 0 0 0 0 0
12602 0.57 146.0 671.3 37338.7 863 12607 0.00 2.12 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.045 2667 2610 2311 0 0 0 0 0 0
12943 0.57 146.0 624.1 37338.7 874 12944 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2667 2609 2311 0 0 0 0 0 0
13254 0.57 146.0 582.6 37338.7 892 13258 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.069 2667 3926 2311 0 0 0 0 0 0
13304 0.57 146.0 575.2 37338.7 896 13308 0.00 2.10 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.047 2672 2616 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
13635 0.57 146.0 529.8 37338.7 927 13636 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2672 2615 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
13954 0.57 146.0 487.2 37338.7 957 13958 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.070 2672 3931 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
13998 0.57 146.0 480.3 37338.7 960 14005 0.00 2.10 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.045 2677 2634 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
14323 0.57 146.0 436.4 37338.7 991 14327 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.070 2677 3936 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
14363 0.57 146.0 430.6 37338.7 994 14367 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.046 2680 2625 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
14693 0.57 146.0 387.4 37338.7 1025 14697 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.069 2680 3928 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
14724 0.57 146.0 382.6 37338.7 1027 14732 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.045 2684 2646 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
15051 0.57 146.0 339.2 37338.7 1058 15055 0.00 2.30 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.054 2690 1192 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
15079 0.57 146.0 335.5 37338.7 1060 15083 0.12 2.35 0.00 0.000 6 0.194 0.057 2660 2645 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
15403 0.57 146.0 298.1 37338.7 1090 15407 0.00 2.12 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.070 2659 3930 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
15423 0.57 146.0 295.3 37338.7 1091 15431 0.00 2.10 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.046 2663 2636 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
15749 0.57 146.0 256.7 37338.7 1122 15750 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2663 2636 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
16069 0.57 146.0 221.1 37338.7 1152 16073 0.00 2.15 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.069 2663 3927 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
16111 0.57 146.0 215.4 37338.7 1155 16119 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.045 2666 2642 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
16437 0.57 146.0 180.0 37338.7 1186 16441 0.00 2.15 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.070 2666 3932 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
16488 0.57 146.0 173.8 37338.7 1190 16492 0.00 2.03 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.045 2666 2648 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
16818 0.57 146.0 137.8 37338.7 1221 16819 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2666 2647 2309 0 0 0 0 0 0
17139 0.57 146.0 103.9 37338.7 1251 17143 0.00 2.30 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.054 2666 1184 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
17196 0.57 146.0 98.2 37338.7 1257 17202 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.057 2666 2644 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
17540 0.57 146.0 65.0 37338.7 1318 17546 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2666 2644 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
17884 0.57 146.0 41.0 37338.7 1379 17890 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.054 2666 1189 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
17902 0.57 146.0 39.8 37338.7 1382 17909 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.058 2666 2645 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
18247 0.57 146.0 23.9 37338.7 1443 18254 0.00 2.30 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.054 2666 1191 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
18508 0.57 146.0 16.2 37338.7 1489 18515 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.059 2666 2692 2310 0 0 0 0 0 0
18732 end climb: SURFACE_DEPTH_REACHED
state 18732 begin surface coast
18739 end surface coast: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state 18739 begin surface