Glider dive log

Faroes Feb09 * SG104 * Dive index * Mission links * Dive 1 * Log results * Raw log file

Parameter values: Sort by alphabetical glider order

ID 104 HEADING -1 PITCH_ADJ_DBAND 0 ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN 0

MISSION 14 ESCAPE_HEADING 0 ROLL_MIN 176 ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE 1

DIVE 1 ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA 10 ROLL_MAX 3929 ALTIM_PING_DEPTH 150

D_SURF 2 FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT 0 ROLL_DEG 40 ALTIM_PING_DELTA 25

D_FLARE 3 TGT_DEFAULT_LAT 62 C_ROLL_DIVE 2075 ALTIM_FREQUENCY 13

D_TGT 45 TGT_DEFAULT_LON -6.8000002 C_ROLL_CLIMB 1775 ALTIM_PULSE 5

D_ABORT 1090 TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT 0 HEAD_ERRBAND 10 ALTIM_SENSITIVITY 2

D_NO_BLEED 100 SM_CC 567 ROLL_CNV 0.028270001 XPDR_VALID 0

D_FINISH 0 N_FILEKB 4 ROLL_TIMEOUT 15 XPDR_INHIBIT 90

D_PITCH 0 FILEMGR 0 R_PORT_OVSHOOT 25 INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.0097660003

D_SAFE 0 CALL_NDIVES 1 R_STBD_OVSHOOT 27 INT_PRESSURE_YINT -1.784981

D_CALL 0 COMM_SEQ 0 ROLL_AD_RATE 350 DEEPGLIDER 0

SURFACE_URGENCY 0 KERMIT 0 ROLL_MAXERRORS 1 DEEPGLIDERMB 0

SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY 0 N_NOCOMM 1 ROLL_ADJ_GAIN 0 MOTHERBOARD 4

SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE 0 N_NOSURFACE 0 ROLL_ADJ_DBAND 0 DEVICE1 2

T_DIVE 15 UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX -1 VBD_MIN 574 DEVICE2 20

T_MISSION 30 CALL_TRIES 5 VBD_MAX 3908 DEVICE3 35

T_ABORT 1440 CALL_WAIT 60 C_VBD 2889 DEVICE4 -1

T_TURN 225 CAPUPLOAD 0 VBD_DBAND 2 DEVICE5 -1

T_TURN_SAMPINT 5 CAPMAXSIZE 100000 VBD_CNV -0.24529999 DEVICE6 -1

T_NO_W 320 HEAPDBG 0 VBD_TIMEOUT 720 SMARTS 0

USE_BATHY -3 T_GPS 5 PITCH_VBD_SHIFT 0.0012300001 SMARTDEVICE1 -1

USE_ICE 0 N_GPS 20 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE 6 SMARTDEVICE2 -1

ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN 0.30000001 T_GPS_ALMANAC 0 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE 4 COMPASS_DEVICE 33

D_OFFGRID 100 T_GPS_CHARGE -217117.09 VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE 8 COMPASS2_DEVICE -1

T_WATCHDOG 10 T_RSLEEP 2 UNCOM_BLEED 20 PHONE_DEVICE 48

RELAUNCH 1 RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET 1.5 VBD_MAXERRORS 1 GPS_DEVICE 32

APOGEE_PITCH -5 RAFOS_CORR_THRESH 60 CF8_MAXERRORS 0 RAFOS_DEVICE -1

MAX_BUOY 150 RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW 3600 AH0_24V 91.800003 XPDR_DEVICE 24

COURSE_BIAS 0 PITCH_MIN 45 AH0_10V 61.200001 SIM_W 0

GLIDE_SLOPE 30 PITCH_MAX 3331 PHONE_SUPPLY 2 SIM_PITCH 0

SPEED_FACTOR 1 C_PITCH 2325 PRESSURE_YINT -17.469234 SEABIRD_T_G 0.0043870676

RHO 1.023 PITCH_DBAND 0.1 PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.000115925 SEABIRD_T_H 0.00064850412

MASS 52000 PITCH_CNV 0.0046000001 AD7714Ch0Gain 128 SEABIRD_T_I 2.4590418e-05

NAV_MODE 1 P_OVSHOOT 0.039999999 TCM_PITCH_OFFSET 0 SEABIRD_T_J 2.3871978e-06

FERRY_MAX 12 PITCH_GAIN 15 TCM_ROLL_OFFSET 0 SEABIRD_C_G -10.313265

KALMAN_USE 1 PITCH_TIMEOUT 17 COMPASS_USE 0 SEABIRD_C_H 1.1866801

HD_A 0.0038945 PITCH_AD_RATE 175 ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE 0 SEABIRD_C_I 0.0012373535

HD_B 0.0099684997 PITCH_MAXERRORS 1 ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE 20 SEABIRD_C_J -1.1855637e-05

HD_C 2.5700001e-06 PITCH_ADJ_GAIN 0 ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN 10

AD7714Ch0Gain 128 D_FINISH 0 PITCH_AD_RATE 175 SMARTDEVICE2 -1

AH0_10V 61.200001 D_FLARE 3 PITCH_CNV 0.0046000001 SMARTS 0

AH0_24V 91.800003 D_NO_BLEED 100 PITCH_DBAND 0.1 SM_CC 567

ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE 0 D_OFFGRID 100 PITCH_GAIN 15 SPEED_FACTOR 1

ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN 10 D_PITCH 0 PITCH_MAX 3331 SURFACE_URGENCY 0

ALTIM_FREQUENCY 13 D_SAFE 0 PITCH_MAXERRORS 1 SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE 0

ALTIM_PING_DELTA 25 D_SURF 2 PITCH_MIN 45 SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY 0

ALTIM_PING_DEPTH 150 D_TGT 45 PITCH_TIMEOUT 17 TCM_PITCH_OFFSET 0

ALTIM_PULSE 5 ESCAPE_HEADING 0 PITCH_VBD_SHIFT 0.0012300001 TCM_ROLL_OFFSET 0

ALTIM_SENSITIVITY 2 ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA 10 PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.000115925 TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT 0

ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE 1 FERRY_MAX 12 PRESSURE_YINT -17.469234 TGT_DEFAULT_LAT 62

ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE 20 FILEMGR 0 P_OVSHOOT 0.039999999 TGT_DEFAULT_LON -6.8000002

ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN 0 FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT 0 RAFOS_CORR_THRESH 60 T_ABORT 1440

APOGEE_PITCH -5 GLIDE_SLOPE 30 RAFOS_DEVICE -1 T_DIVE 15

CALL_NDIVES 1 GPS_DEVICE 32 RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW 3600 T_GPS 5

CALL_TRIES 5 HD_A 0.0038945 RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET 1.5 T_GPS_ALMANAC 0

CALL_WAIT 60 HD_B 0.0099684997 RELAUNCH 1 T_GPS_CHARGE -217117.09

CAPMAXSIZE 100000 HD_C 2.5700001e-06 RHO 1.023 T_MISSION 30

CAPUPLOAD 0 HEADING -1 ROLL_ADJ_DBAND 0 T_NO_W 320

CF8_MAXERRORS 0 HEAD_ERRBAND 10 ROLL_ADJ_GAIN 0 T_RSLEEP 2

COMM_SEQ 0 HEAPDBG 0 ROLL_AD_RATE 350 T_TURN 225

COMPASS2_DEVICE -1 ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN 0.30000001 ROLL_CNV 0.028270001 T_TURN_SAMPINT 5

COMPASS_DEVICE 33 ID 104 ROLL_DEG 40 T_WATCHDOG 10

COMPASS_USE 0 INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.0097660003 ROLL_MAX 3929 UNCOM_BLEED 20

COURSE_BIAS 0 INT_PRESSURE_YINT -1.784981 ROLL_MAXERRORS 1 UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX -1

C_PITCH 2325 KALMAN_USE 1 ROLL_MIN 176 USE_BATHY -3

C_ROLL_CLIMB 1775 KERMIT 0 ROLL_TIMEOUT 15 USE_ICE 0

C_ROLL_DIVE 2075 MASS 52000 R_PORT_OVSHOOT 25 VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE 8

C_VBD 2889 MAX_BUOY 150 R_STBD_OVSHOOT 27 VBD_CNV -0.24529999

DEEPGLIDER 0 MISSION 14 SEABIRD_C_G -10.313265 VBD_DBAND 2

DEEPGLIDERMB 0 MOTHERBOARD 4 SEABIRD_C_H 1.1866801 VBD_MAX 3908

DEVICE1 2 NAV_MODE 1 SEABIRD_C_I 0.0012373535 VBD_MAXERRORS 1

DEVICE2 20 N_FILEKB 4 SEABIRD_C_J -1.1855637e-05 VBD_MIN 574

DEVICE3 35 N_GPS 20 SEABIRD_T_G 0.0043870676 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE 4

DEVICE4 -1 N_NOCOMM 1 SEABIRD_T_H 0.00064850412 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE 6

DEVICE5 -1 N_NOSURFACE 0 SEABIRD_T_I 2.4590418e-05 VBD_TIMEOUT 720

DEVICE6 -1 PHONE_DEVICE 48 SEABIRD_T_J 2.3871978e-06 XPDR_DEVICE 24

DIVE 1 PHONE_SUPPLY 2 SIM_PITCH 0 XPDR_INHIBIT 90

D_ABORT 1090 PITCH_ADJ_DBAND 0 SIM_W 0 XPDR_VALID 0

D_CALL 0 PITCH_ADJ_GAIN 0 SMARTDEVICE1 -1

Pre-dive calculations and measurements:

GPS1 170113,6109.760,-921.205,10,2.0,10,-9.3 TGT_NAME FB

_CALLS 1 TGT_LATLONG 6120.000,-900.000

_XMS_NAKs 0 TGT_RADIUS 5000.000

_XMS_TOUTs 0 KALMAN_CONTROL 0.186,0.187

_SM_DEPTHo 0.82 KALMAN_X 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0

_SM_ANGLEo -47.6 KALMAN_Y 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0

GPS2 170356,6109.758,-921.191,14,1.6,14,-9.3 MHEAD_RNG_PITCHd_Wd 54.2,26725,-18.1,-10.000

SPEED_LIMITS 0.173,0.264 D_GRID 494

Post-dive calculations and measurements:

FINISH 0.3,1.004483 ALTIM_TOP_PING 20.0,20.4

SM_CCo 1318,80.85,0.634,0,0,576,567.13 _24V_AH 23.6,8.212

SM_GC 0.68,0.00,0.00,80.85,0.000,0.000,0.634,45,2090,576,-10.49,0.42,567.13 _10V_AH 10.1,3.010

IRIDIUM_FIX 6046.07,-919.68,200598,171745 DATA_FILE_SIZE 3373,59

TT8_MAMPS 0.026078 CAP_FILE_SIZE 41765,0

HUMID 1440 CFSIZE 260165632,256503808

INTERNAL_PRESSURE 8.17634 ERRORS 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0

TCM_TEMP 17.30 GPS 230209,173006,6109.771,-921.282,14,1.0,30,-9.3

XPDR_PINGS 60

Energy measurements:

device secs mA J sensor secs mA J

Pitch_motor 26 148 91.65 SBE_CT 38 24 21.55

Roll_motor 15 60 21.66 SBE_O2 39 19 17.87

VBD_pump_during_apogee 430 705 7173.32 WL_BB2F 114 105 283.56

VBD_pump_during_surface 80 634 1210.30 nil 0 0 0.00

VBD_valve 0 0 0.00 nil 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_init 0 103 0.00 nil 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_connect 0 160 0.00 nil 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_xfer 0 223 0.00

Transponder_ping 15 420 151.16

Mmodem_TX 0 0 0.00

Mmodem_RX 0 0 0.00

GPS 15 50 7.82

TT8 163 19 32.61

LPSleep 480 2 10.62

TT8_Active 533 19 106.68

TT8_Sampling 287 39 115.50

TT8_CF8 65 45 30.42

TT8_Kalman 29 81 24.15

Analog_circuits 754 12 91.46

GPS_charging 0 0 0.00

Compass 280 8 22.67

RAFOS 0 0 0.00

Transponder 2 30 0.80

Guidance and control:

st_secs pitch_ctl vbd_ctl depth ob_vertv data_pts end_secs pitch_secs roll_secs vbd_secs vbd_i gcphase pitch_i roll_i pitch_ad roll_ad vbd_ad

12 end surface: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 12 begin dive

14 -1.39 -146.6 0.0 0.0 0 125 0.00 0.00 -109.22 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 38 2084 3488

127 -1.39 -146.6 3.0 -2.4 5 143 10.95 2.58 0.00 0.000 4 0.149 0.061 2012 669 3489

299 end dive: TARGET_DEPTH_EXCEEDED

state 300 begin apogee

305 -0.33 0.0 45.0 20.3 12 424 1.17 0.00 114.95 0.706 6 0.099 0.000 2246 1785 2889

424 end apogee: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 424 begin climb

426 1.39 146.6 58.2 0.0 18 561 1.83 2.55 120.30 0.667 4 0.078 0.049 2622 3173 2291

588 1.61 330.2 58.2 1.6 25 736 0.20 2.50 139.35 0.660 6 0.041 0.040 2678 1775 1542

1051 1.66 365.1 21.4 8.4 48 1085 0.00 2.53 28.65 0.638 4 0.000 0.047 2678 3177 1399

1185 1.70 398.8 9.6 8.5 54 1218 0.00 2.50 27.50 0.631 6 0.000 0.042 2678 1776 1263

1278 end climb: SURFACE_DEPTH_REACHED

state 1279 begin surface coast

1300 end surface coast: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 1300 begin surface

ID	104	HEADING	-1	PITCH_ADJ_DBAND	0	ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN	0
MISSION	14	ESCAPE_HEADING	0	ROLL_MIN	176	ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE	1
DIVE	1	ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA	10	ROLL_MAX	3929	ALTIM_PING_DEPTH	150
D_SURF	2	FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT	0	ROLL_DEG	40	ALTIM_PING_DELTA	25
D_FLARE	3	TGT_DEFAULT_LAT	62	C_ROLL_DIVE	2075	ALTIM_FREQUENCY	13
D_TGT	45	TGT_DEFAULT_LON	-6.8000002	C_ROLL_CLIMB	1775	ALTIM_PULSE	5
D_ABORT	1090	TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT	0	HEAD_ERRBAND	10	ALTIM_SENSITIVITY	2
D_NO_BLEED	100	SM_CC	567	ROLL_CNV	0.028270001	XPDR_VALID	0
D_FINISH	0	N_FILEKB	4	ROLL_TIMEOUT	15	XPDR_INHIBIT	90
D_PITCH	0	FILEMGR	0	R_PORT_OVSHOOT	25	INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE	0.0097660003
D_SAFE	0	CALL_NDIVES	1	R_STBD_OVSHOOT	27	INT_PRESSURE_YINT	-1.784981
D_CALL	0	COMM_SEQ	0	ROLL_AD_RATE	350	DEEPGLIDER	0
SURFACE_URGENCY	0	KERMIT	0	ROLL_MAXERRORS	1	DEEPGLIDERMB	0
SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY	0	N_NOCOMM	1	ROLL_ADJ_GAIN	0	MOTHERBOARD	4
SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE	0	N_NOSURFACE	0	ROLL_ADJ_DBAND	0	DEVICE1	2
T_DIVE	15	UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX	-1	VBD_MIN	574	DEVICE2	20
T_MISSION	30	CALL_TRIES	5	VBD_MAX	3908	DEVICE3	35
T_ABORT	1440	CALL_WAIT	60	C_VBD	2889	DEVICE4	-1
T_TURN	225	CAPUPLOAD	0	VBD_DBAND	2	DEVICE5	-1
T_TURN_SAMPINT	5	CAPMAXSIZE	100000	VBD_CNV	-0.24529999	DEVICE6	-1
T_NO_W	320	HEAPDBG	0	VBD_TIMEOUT	720	SMARTS	0
USE_BATHY	-3	T_GPS	5	PITCH_VBD_SHIFT	0.0012300001	SMARTDEVICE1	-1
USE_ICE	0	N_GPS	20	VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE	6	SMARTDEVICE2	-1
ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN	0.30000001	T_GPS_ALMANAC	0	VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE	4	COMPASS_DEVICE	33
D_OFFGRID	100	T_GPS_CHARGE	-217117.09	VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE	8	COMPASS2_DEVICE	-1
T_WATCHDOG	10	T_RSLEEP	2	UNCOM_BLEED	20	PHONE_DEVICE	48
RELAUNCH	1	RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET	1.5	VBD_MAXERRORS	1	GPS_DEVICE	32
APOGEE_PITCH	-5	RAFOS_CORR_THRESH	60	CF8_MAXERRORS	0	RAFOS_DEVICE	-1
MAX_BUOY	150	RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW	3600	AH0_24V	91.800003	XPDR_DEVICE	24
COURSE_BIAS	0	PITCH_MIN	45	AH0_10V	61.200001	SIM_W	0
GLIDE_SLOPE	30	PITCH_MAX	3331	PHONE_SUPPLY	2	SIM_PITCH	0
SPEED_FACTOR	1	C_PITCH	2325	PRESSURE_YINT	-17.469234	SEABIRD_T_G	0.0043870676
RHO	1.023	PITCH_DBAND	0.1	PRESSURE_SLOPE	0.000115925	SEABIRD_T_H	0.00064850412
MASS	52000	PITCH_CNV	0.0046000001	AD7714Ch0Gain	128	SEABIRD_T_I	2.4590418e-05
NAV_MODE	1	P_OVSHOOT	0.039999999	TCM_PITCH_OFFSET	0	SEABIRD_T_J	2.3871978e-06
FERRY_MAX	12	PITCH_GAIN	15	TCM_ROLL_OFFSET	0	SEABIRD_C_G	-10.313265
KALMAN_USE	1	PITCH_TIMEOUT	17	COMPASS_USE	0	SEABIRD_C_H	1.1866801
HD_A	0.0038945	PITCH_AD_RATE	175	ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE	0	SEABIRD_C_I	0.0012373535
HD_B	0.0099684997	PITCH_MAXERRORS	1	ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE	20	SEABIRD_C_J	-1.1855637e-05
HD_C	2.5700001e-06	PITCH_ADJ_GAIN	0	ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN	10

GPS1	170113,6109.760,-921.205,10,2.0,10,-9.3	TGT_NAME	FB
_CALLS	1	TGT_LATLONG	6120.000,-900.000
_XMS_NAKs	0	TGT_RADIUS	5000.000
_XMS_TOUTs	0	KALMAN_CONTROL	0.186,0.187
_SM_DEPTHo	0.82	KALMAN_X	0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0
_SM_ANGLEo	-47.6	KALMAN_Y	0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0
GPS2	170356,6109.758,-921.191,14,1.6,14,-9.3	MHEAD_RNG_PITCHd_Wd	54.2,26725,-18.1,-10.000
SPEED_LIMITS	0.173,0.264	D_GRID	494

FINISH	0.3,1.004483	ALTIM_TOP_PING	20.0,20.4
SM_CCo	1318,80.85,0.634,0,0,576,567.13	_24V_AH	23.6,8.212
SM_GC	0.68,0.00,0.00,80.85,0.000,0.000,0.634,45,2090,576,-10.49,0.42,567.13	_10V_AH	10.1,3.010
IRIDIUM_FIX	6046.07,-919.68,200598,171745	DATA_FILE_SIZE	3373,59
TT8_MAMPS	0.026078	CAP_FILE_SIZE	41765,0
HUMID	1440	CFSIZE	260165632,256503808
INTERNAL_PRESSURE	8.17634	ERRORS	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0
TCM_TEMP	17.30	GPS	230209,173006,6109.771,-921.282,14,1.0,30,-9.3
XPDR_PINGS	60

device	secs	mA	J	sensor	secs	mA	J
Pitch_motor	26	148	91.65	SBE_CT	38	24	21.55
Roll_motor	15	60	21.66	SBE_O2	39	19	17.87
VBD_pump_during_apogee	430	705	7173.32	WL_BB2F	114	105	283.56
VBD_pump_during_surface	80	634	1210.30	nil	0	0	0.00
VBD_valve	0	0	0.00	nil	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_init	0	103	0.00	nil	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_connect	0	160	0.00	nil	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_xfer	0	223	0.00
Transponder_ping	15	420	151.16
Mmodem_TX	0	0	0.00
Mmodem_RX	0	0	0.00
GPS	15	50	7.82
TT8	163	19	32.61
LPSleep	480	2	10.62
TT8_Active	533	19	106.68
TT8_Sampling	287	39	115.50
TT8_CF8	65	45	30.42
TT8_Kalman	29	81	24.15
Analog_circuits	754	12	91.46
GPS_charging	0	0	0.00
Compass	280	8	22.67
RAFOS	0	0	0.00
Transponder	2	30	0.80

st_secs	pitch_ctl	vbd_ctl	depth	ob_vertv	data_pts	end_secs	pitch_secs	roll_secs	vbd_secs	vbd_i	gcphase	pitch_i	roll_i	pitch_ad	roll_ad	vbd_ad
12	end surface: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	12	begin dive
14	-1.39	-146.6	0.0	0.0	0	125	0.00	0.00	-109.22	0.000	6	0.000	0.000	38	2084	3488
127	-1.39	-146.6	3.0	-2.4	5	143	10.95	2.58	0.00	0.000	4	0.149	0.061	2012	669	3489
299	end dive: TARGET_DEPTH_EXCEEDED
state	300	begin apogee
305	-0.33	0.0	45.0	20.3	12	424	1.17	0.00	114.95	0.706	6	0.099	0.000	2246	1785	2889
424	end apogee: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	424	begin climb
426	1.39	146.6	58.2	0.0	18	561	1.83	2.55	120.30	0.667	4	0.078	0.049	2622	3173	2291
588	1.61	330.2	58.2	1.6	25	736	0.20	2.50	139.35	0.660	6	0.041	0.040	2678	1775	1542
1051	1.66	365.1	21.4	8.4	48	1085	0.00	2.53	28.65	0.638	4	0.000	0.047	2678	3177	1399
1185	1.70	398.8	9.6	8.5	54	1218	0.00	2.50	27.50	0.631	6	0.000	0.042	2678	1776	1263
1278	end climb: SURFACE_DEPTH_REACHED
state	1279	begin surface coast
1300	end surface coast: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	1300	begin surface