Glider dive log

PN07 DabobBay Sep07 * SG022 * Dive index * Mission links * Dive 229 * Log results * Raw log file

Parameter values: Sort by alphabetical glider order

ID 22 HD_B 0.010364 PITCH_AD_RATE 150 ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE 0

MISSION 2 HD_C 5.4717998e-06 PITCH_MAXERRORS 1 ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN 0

DIVE 229 HEADING -1 PITCH_ADJ_GAIN 0 ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN 0

D_SURF 5 ESCAPE_HEADING 0 PITCH_ADJ_DBAND 0 ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE 1

D_FLARE 2 ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA 10 ROLL_MIN 208 ALTIM_PING_DEPTH 50

D_TGT 55 FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT 0 ROLL_MAX 3567 ALTIM_PING_DELTA 20

D_ABORT 1050 TGT_DEFAULT_LAT 47.650002 C_ROLL_DIVE 2165 ALTIM_FREQUENCY 13

D_NO_BLEED 200 TGT_DEFAULT_LON -122.8667 C_ROLL_CLIMB 2100 ALTIM_PULSE 3

D_FINISH 0 TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT 0 HEAD_ERRBAND 10 ALTIM_SENSITIVITY 0

D_PITCH 0 SM_CC 450 ROLL_CNV 0.028270001 INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.0097660003

D_SAFE 0 N_FILEKB 4 ROLL_TIMEOUT 15 INT_PRESSURE_YINT 0

D_CALL 0 FILEMGR 0 R_PORT_OVSHOOT 10 DEEPGLIDER 0

SURFACE_URGENCY 0 CALL_NDIVES 1 R_STBD_OVSHOOT 22 DEEPGLIDERMB 0

SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY 0 COMM_SEQ 0 ROLL_AD_RATE 100 MOTHERBOARD 3

SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE 0 N_NOCOMM 1 ROLL_MAXERRORS 2 DEVICE1 2

T_DIVE 15 N_NOSURFACE 0 ROLL_ADJ_GAIN 0 DEVICE2 -1

T_MISSION 35 UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX -1 ROLL_ADJ_DBAND 0 DEVICE3 -1

T_ABORT 1440 CALL_TRIES 5 VBD_MIN 658 DEVICE4 -1

T_TURN 225 CALL_WAIT 60 VBD_MAX 3994 DEVICE5 -1

T_TURN_SAMPINT 6 CAPUPLOAD 0 C_VBD 3484 DEVICE6 -1

T_NO_W 600 CAPMAXSIZE 150000 VBD_DBAND 2 SMARTS 2

USE_BATHY -2 HEAPDBG 0 VBD_CNV -0.24529999 SMARTDEVICE1 5

USE_ICE 0 T_GPS 15 VBD_TIMEOUT 540 SMARTDEVICE2 -1

ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN 0.30000001 N_GPS 20 PITCH_VBD_SHIFT 0.00109 COMPASS_DEVICE 33

D_OFFGRID 100 T_GPS_ALMANAC 0 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE 5 PHONE_DEVICE 0

T_WATCHDOG 10 T_GPS_CHARGE -114001.93 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE 1 GPS_DEVICE 32

RELAUNCH 1 T_RSLEEP 5 VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE 4 RAFOS_DEVICE -1

APOGEE_PITCH -5 RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET 1.5 UNCOM_BLEED 20 XPDR_DEVICE 19

MAX_BUOY 100 RAFOS_CORR_THRESH 60 VBD_MAXERRORS 1 SIM_W 0

COURSE_BIAS 0 RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW 3600 CF8_MAXERRORS 16 SIM_PITCH 0

GLIDE_SLOPE 30 PITCH_MIN 38 AH0_24V 91.800003 SEABIRD_T_G 0.0044140997

SPEED_FACTOR 1 PITCH_MAX 3347 AH0_10V 61.200001 SEABIRD_T_H 0.00064927549

RHO 1.023 C_PITCH 2530 PRESSURE_YINT -21.951805 SEABIRD_T_I 2.7523491e-05

MASS 51950 PITCH_DBAND 0.1 PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.00011632 SEABIRD_T_J 3.1132354e-06

NAV_MODE 1 PITCH_CNV 0.0046000001 AD7714Ch0Gain 128 SEABIRD_C_G -10.525962

FERRY_MAX 0 P_OVSHOOT 0.039999999 TCM_PITCH_OFFSET 1.7 SEABIRD_C_H 1.1896306

KALMAN_USE 1 PITCH_GAIN 16 TCM_ROLL_OFFSET -0.89999998 SEABIRD_C_I -0.0026426413

HD_A 0.0040048002 PITCH_TIMEOUT 20 ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE 15 SEABIRD_C_J 0.00031414768

AD7714Ch0Gain 128 D_FINISH 0 PITCH_AD_RATE 150 SMARTDEVICE1 5

AH0_10V 61.200001 D_FLARE 2 PITCH_CNV 0.0046000001 SMARTDEVICE2 -1

AH0_24V 91.800003 D_NO_BLEED 200 PITCH_DBAND 0.1 SMARTS 2

ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE 15 D_OFFGRID 100 PITCH_GAIN 16 SM_CC 450

ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN 0 D_PITCH 0 PITCH_MAX 3347 SPEED_FACTOR 1

ALTIM_FREQUENCY 13 D_SAFE 0 PITCH_MAXERRORS 1 SURFACE_URGENCY 0

ALTIM_PING_DELTA 20 D_SURF 5 PITCH_MIN 38 SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE 0

ALTIM_PING_DEPTH 50 D_TGT 55 PITCH_TIMEOUT 20 SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY 0

ALTIM_PULSE 3 ESCAPE_HEADING 0 PITCH_VBD_SHIFT 0.00109 TCM_PITCH_OFFSET 1.7

ALTIM_SENSITIVITY 0 ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA 10 PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.00011632 TCM_ROLL_OFFSET -0.89999998

ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE 1 FERRY_MAX 0 PRESSURE_YINT -21.951805 TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT 0

ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE 0 FILEMGR 0 P_OVSHOOT 0.039999999 TGT_DEFAULT_LAT 47.650002

ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN 0 FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT 0 RAFOS_CORR_THRESH 60 TGT_DEFAULT_LON -122.8667

APOGEE_PITCH -5 GLIDE_SLOPE 30 RAFOS_DEVICE -1 T_ABORT 1440

CALL_NDIVES 1 GPS_DEVICE 32 RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW 3600 T_DIVE 15

CALL_TRIES 5 HD_A 0.0040048002 RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET 1.5 T_GPS 15

CALL_WAIT 60 HD_B 0.010364 RELAUNCH 1 T_GPS_ALMANAC 0

CAPMAXSIZE 150000 HD_C 5.4717998e-06 RHO 1.023 T_GPS_CHARGE -114001.93

CAPUPLOAD 0 HEADING -1 ROLL_ADJ_DBAND 0 T_MISSION 35

CF8_MAXERRORS 16 HEAD_ERRBAND 10 ROLL_ADJ_GAIN 0 T_NO_W 600

COMM_SEQ 0 HEAPDBG 0 ROLL_AD_RATE 100 T_RSLEEP 5

COMPASS_DEVICE 33 ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN 0.30000001 ROLL_CNV 0.028270001 T_TURN 225

COURSE_BIAS 0 ID 22 ROLL_MAX 3567 T_TURN_SAMPINT 6

C_PITCH 2530 INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE 0.0097660003 ROLL_MAXERRORS 2 T_WATCHDOG 10

C_ROLL_CLIMB 2100 INT_PRESSURE_YINT 0 ROLL_MIN 208 UNCOM_BLEED 20

C_ROLL_DIVE 2165 KALMAN_USE 1 ROLL_TIMEOUT 15 UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX -1

C_VBD 3484 MASS 51950 R_PORT_OVSHOOT 10 USE_BATHY -2

DEEPGLIDER 0 MAX_BUOY 100 R_STBD_OVSHOOT 22 USE_ICE 0

DEEPGLIDERMB 0 MISSION 2 SEABIRD_C_G -10.525962 VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE 4

DEVICE1 2 MOTHERBOARD 3 SEABIRD_C_H 1.1896306 VBD_CNV -0.24529999

DEVICE2 -1 NAV_MODE 1 SEABIRD_C_I -0.0026426413 VBD_DBAND 2

DEVICE3 -1 N_FILEKB 4 SEABIRD_C_J 0.00031414768 VBD_MAX 3994

DEVICE4 -1 N_GPS 20 SEABIRD_T_G 0.0044140997 VBD_MAXERRORS 1

DEVICE5 -1 N_NOCOMM 1 SEABIRD_T_H 0.00064927549 VBD_MIN 658

DEVICE6 -1 N_NOSURFACE 0 SEABIRD_T_I 2.7523491e-05 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE 1

DIVE 229 PHONE_DEVICE 0 SEABIRD_T_J 3.1132354e-06 VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE 5

D_ABORT 1050 PITCH_ADJ_DBAND 0 SIM_PITCH 0 VBD_TIMEOUT 540

D_CALL 0 PITCH_ADJ_GAIN 0 SIM_W 0 XPDR_DEVICE 19

Pre-dive calculations and measurements:

GPS1 174959,4739.541,-12251.737,11,2.4,30,18.3 TGT_NAME H2

_CALLS 2 TGT_LATLONG 4739.467,-12252.401

_XMS_NAKs 0 TGT_RADIUS 200.000

_XMS_TOUTs 0 KALMAN_CONTROL -0.194,-0.113

_SM_DEPTHo 1.32 KALMAN_X 28754.0,413.9,239.9,-27751.0,83.2

_SM_ANGLEo -69.2 KALMAN_Y 2631.9,-444.6,-65.5,-2356.7,83.8

GPS2 175823,4739.565,-12251.653,12,2.1,31,18.3 MHEAD_RNG_PITCHd_Wd 221.5,951,-26.6,-12.222

SPEED_LIMITS 0.212,0.225 D_GRID 123

Post-dive calculations and measurements:

FINISH 4.8,1.021831 ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING 40.4,8.2

SM_CCo 1074,316.10,0.597,0,0,658,693.22 _24V_AH 23.9,28.185

SM_GC 1.37,13.18,0.00,0.00,0.067,0.000,0.000,38,2172,659,-11.41,0.20,692.97 _10V_AH 10.2,7.329

IRIDIUM_FIX 0.00,0.00,010170,000000 DATA_FILE_SIZE 3322,114

TT8_MAMPS 0.028379 CFSIZE 260034560,251310080

HUMID 2070 ERRORS 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

TCM_TEMP 19.90 GPS 280907,182535,4739.585,-12251.625,11,2.1,30,18.3

XPDR_PINGS 4

Energy measurements:

device secs mA J sensor secs mA J

Pitch_motor 29 201 142.83 SBE_CT 72 24 41.86

Roll_motor 16 123 48.62 nil 0 0 0.00

VBD_pump_during_apogee 155 702 2602.68 nil 0 0 0.00

VBD_pump_during_surface 316 597 4513.93 nil 0 0 0.00

VBD_valve 0 0 0.00 nil 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_init 65 103 160.45 nil 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_connect 89 160 341.41 ARS 0 0 0.00

Iridium_during_xfer 174 223 927.72

Transponder_ping 1 420 12.55

Mmodem_TX 0 0 0.00

Mmodem_RX 0 0 0.00

GPS 32 50 16.64

TT8 227 19 46.03

LPSleep 594 2 13.28

TT8_Active 570 19 115.25

TT8_Sampling 213 39 86.73

TT8_CF8 431 45 201.58

TT8_Kalman 33 81 27.80

Analog_circuits 727 12 89.05

GPS_charging 0 0 0.00

Compass 201 8 16.45

RAFOS 0 0 0.00

Guidance and control:

st_secs pitch_ctl vbd_ctl depth ob_vertv data_pts end_secs pitch_secs roll_secs vbd_secs vbd_i gcphase pitch_i roll_i pitch_ad roll_ad vbd_ad

23 end surface: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 23 begin dive

25 -1.77 -97.8 0.0 0.0 0 82 0.00 0.00 -54.95 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 38 2182 2829

85 -1.77 -97.8 2.1 -2.5 9 146 12.50 2.80 -39.65 0.000 4 0.202 0.123 2135 3559 3884

160 -1.77 -97.8 9.1 -18.5 21 166 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.096 2135 2157 3885

238 -1.77 -97.8 22.4 -16.8 32 239 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2135 2157 3885

427 end dive: TARGET_DEPTH_EXCEEDED

state 427 begin apogee

432 -0.31 0.0 56.1 17.6 47 513 1.73 0.00 76.47 0.667 6 0.156 0.000 2454 2082 3484

514 end apogee: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 514 begin climb

516 1.77 97.8 59.6 0.0 54 602 2.22 2.75 75.28 0.656 4 0.098 0.092 2911 680 3085

660 1.77 97.8 46.3 14.4 65 667 0.00 2.60 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.057 2911 2099 3085

856 1.77 97.8 19.4 13.4 81 862 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 6 0.000 0.000 2911 2099 3085

928 1.77 97.8 10.0 13.0 92 935 0.00 2.65 0.00 0.000 4 0.000 0.081 2911 3514 3085

940 1.77 102.1 8.5 11.9 94 953 0.00 2.60 3.25 0.703 6 0.000 0.058 2911 2084 3066

983 end climb: SURFACE_DEPTH_REACHED

state 983 begin surface coast

1071 end surface coast: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK

state 1071 begin surface

ID	22	HD_B	0.010364	PITCH_AD_RATE	150	ALTIM_TOP_PING_RANGE	0
MISSION	2	HD_C	5.4717998e-06	PITCH_MAXERRORS	1	ALTIM_BOTTOM_TURN_MARGIN	0
DIVE	229	HEADING	-1	PITCH_ADJ_GAIN	0	ALTIM_TOP_TURN_MARGIN	0
D_SURF	5	ESCAPE_HEADING	0	PITCH_ADJ_DBAND	0	ALTIM_TOP_MIN_OBSTACLE	1
D_FLARE	2	ESCAPE_HEADING_DELTA	10	ROLL_MIN	208	ALTIM_PING_DEPTH	50
D_TGT	55	FIX_MISSING_TIMEOUT	0	ROLL_MAX	3567	ALTIM_PING_DELTA	20
D_ABORT	1050	TGT_DEFAULT_LAT	47.650002	C_ROLL_DIVE	2165	ALTIM_FREQUENCY	13
D_NO_BLEED	200	TGT_DEFAULT_LON	-122.8667	C_ROLL_CLIMB	2100	ALTIM_PULSE	3
D_FINISH	0	TGT_AUTO_DEFAULT	0	HEAD_ERRBAND	10	ALTIM_SENSITIVITY	0
D_PITCH	0	SM_CC	450	ROLL_CNV	0.028270001	INT_PRESSURE_SLOPE	0.0097660003
D_SAFE	0	N_FILEKB	4	ROLL_TIMEOUT	15	INT_PRESSURE_YINT	0
D_CALL	0	FILEMGR	0	R_PORT_OVSHOOT	10	DEEPGLIDER	0
SURFACE_URGENCY	0	CALL_NDIVES	1	R_STBD_OVSHOOT	22	DEEPGLIDERMB	0
SURFACE_URGENCY_TRY	0	COMM_SEQ	0	ROLL_AD_RATE	100	MOTHERBOARD	3
SURFACE_URGENCY_FORCE	0	N_NOCOMM	1	ROLL_MAXERRORS	2	DEVICE1	2
T_DIVE	15	N_NOSURFACE	0	ROLL_ADJ_GAIN	0	DEVICE2	-1
T_MISSION	35	UPLOAD_DIVES_MAX	-1	ROLL_ADJ_DBAND	0	DEVICE3	-1
T_ABORT	1440	CALL_TRIES	5	VBD_MIN	658	DEVICE4	-1
T_TURN	225	CALL_WAIT	60	VBD_MAX	3994	DEVICE5	-1
T_TURN_SAMPINT	6	CAPUPLOAD	0	C_VBD	3484	DEVICE6	-1
T_NO_W	600	CAPMAXSIZE	150000	VBD_DBAND	2	SMARTS	2
USE_BATHY	-2	HEAPDBG	0	VBD_CNV	-0.24529999	SMARTDEVICE1	5
USE_ICE	0	T_GPS	15	VBD_TIMEOUT	540	SMARTDEVICE2	-1
ICE_FREEZE_MARGIN	0.30000001	N_GPS	20	PITCH_VBD_SHIFT	0.00109	COMPASS_DEVICE	33
D_OFFGRID	100	T_GPS_ALMANAC	0	VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_SURFACE	5	PHONE_DEVICE	0
T_WATCHDOG	10	T_GPS_CHARGE	-114001.93	VBD_PUMP_AD_RATE_APOGEE	1	GPS_DEVICE	32
RELAUNCH	1	T_RSLEEP	5	VBD_BLEED_AD_RATE	4	RAFOS_DEVICE	-1
APOGEE_PITCH	-5	RAFOS_PEAK_OFFSET	1.5	UNCOM_BLEED	20	XPDR_DEVICE	19
MAX_BUOY	100	RAFOS_CORR_THRESH	60	VBD_MAXERRORS	1	SIM_W	0
COURSE_BIAS	0	RAFOS_HIT_WINDOW	3600	CF8_MAXERRORS	16	SIM_PITCH	0
GLIDE_SLOPE	30	PITCH_MIN	38	AH0_24V	91.800003	SEABIRD_T_G	0.0044140997
SPEED_FACTOR	1	PITCH_MAX	3347	AH0_10V	61.200001	SEABIRD_T_H	0.00064927549
RHO	1.023	C_PITCH	2530	PRESSURE_YINT	-21.951805	SEABIRD_T_I	2.7523491e-05
MASS	51950	PITCH_DBAND	0.1	PRESSURE_SLOPE	0.00011632	SEABIRD_T_J	3.1132354e-06
NAV_MODE	1	PITCH_CNV	0.0046000001	AD7714Ch0Gain	128	SEABIRD_C_G	-10.525962
FERRY_MAX	0	P_OVSHOOT	0.039999999	TCM_PITCH_OFFSET	1.7	SEABIRD_C_H	1.1896306
KALMAN_USE	1	PITCH_GAIN	16	TCM_ROLL_OFFSET	-0.89999998	SEABIRD_C_I	-0.0026426413
HD_A	0.0040048002	PITCH_TIMEOUT	20	ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING_RANGE	15	SEABIRD_C_J	0.00031414768

GPS1	174959,4739.541,-12251.737,11,2.4,30,18.3	TGT_NAME	H2
_CALLS	2	TGT_LATLONG	4739.467,-12252.401
_XMS_NAKs	0	TGT_RADIUS	200.000
_XMS_TOUTs	0	KALMAN_CONTROL	-0.194,-0.113
_SM_DEPTHo	1.32	KALMAN_X	28754.0,413.9,239.9,-27751.0,83.2
_SM_ANGLEo	-69.2	KALMAN_Y	2631.9,-444.6,-65.5,-2356.7,83.8
GPS2	175823,4739.565,-12251.653,12,2.1,31,18.3	MHEAD_RNG_PITCHd_Wd	221.5,951,-26.6,-12.222
SPEED_LIMITS	0.212,0.225	D_GRID	123

FINISH	4.8,1.021831	ALTIM_BOTTOM_PING	40.4,8.2
SM_CCo	1074,316.10,0.597,0,0,658,693.22	_24V_AH	23.9,28.185
SM_GC	1.37,13.18,0.00,0.00,0.067,0.000,0.000,38,2172,659,-11.41,0.20,692.97	_10V_AH	10.2,7.329
IRIDIUM_FIX	0.00,0.00,010170,000000	DATA_FILE_SIZE	3322,114
TT8_MAMPS	0.028379	CFSIZE	260034560,251310080
HUMID	2070	ERRORS	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
TCM_TEMP	19.90	GPS	280907,182535,4739.585,-12251.625,11,2.1,30,18.3
XPDR_PINGS	4

device	secs	mA	J	sensor	secs	mA	J
Pitch_motor	29	201	142.83	SBE_CT	72	24	41.86
Roll_motor	16	123	48.62	nil	0	0	0.00
VBD_pump_during_apogee	155	702	2602.68	nil	0	0	0.00
VBD_pump_during_surface	316	597	4513.93	nil	0	0	0.00
VBD_valve	0	0	0.00	nil	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_init	65	103	160.45	nil	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_connect	89	160	341.41	ARS	0	0	0.00
Iridium_during_xfer	174	223	927.72
Transponder_ping	1	420	12.55
Mmodem_TX	0	0	0.00
Mmodem_RX	0	0	0.00
GPS	32	50	16.64
TT8	227	19	46.03
LPSleep	594	2	13.28
TT8_Active	570	19	115.25
TT8_Sampling	213	39	86.73
TT8_CF8	431	45	201.58
TT8_Kalman	33	81	27.80
Analog_circuits	727	12	89.05
GPS_charging	0	0	0.00
Compass	201	8	16.45
RAFOS	0	0	0.00

st_secs	pitch_ctl	vbd_ctl	depth	ob_vertv	data_pts	end_secs	pitch_secs	roll_secs	vbd_secs	vbd_i	gcphase	pitch_i	roll_i	pitch_ad	roll_ad	vbd_ad
23	end surface: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	23	begin dive
25	-1.77	-97.8	0.0	0.0	0	82	0.00	0.00	-54.95	0.000	2	0.000	0.000	38	2182	2829
85	-1.77	-97.8	2.1	-2.5	9	146	12.50	2.80	-39.65	0.000	4	0.202	0.123	2135	3559	3884
160	-1.77	-97.8	9.1	-18.5	21	166	0.00	2.75	0.00	0.000	6	0.000	0.096	2135	2157	3885
238	-1.77	-97.8	22.4	-16.8	32	239	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.000	6	0.000	0.000	2135	2157	3885
427	end dive: TARGET_DEPTH_EXCEEDED
state	427	begin apogee
432	-0.31	0.0	56.1	17.6	47	513	1.73	0.00	76.47	0.667	6	0.156	0.000	2454	2082	3484
514	end apogee: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	514	begin climb
516	1.77	97.8	59.6	0.0	54	602	2.22	2.75	75.28	0.656	4	0.098	0.092	2911	680	3085
660	1.77	97.8	46.3	14.4	65	667	0.00	2.60	0.00	0.000	6	0.000	0.057	2911	2099	3085
856	1.77	97.8	19.4	13.4	81	862	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.000	6	0.000	0.000	2911	2099	3085
928	1.77	97.8	10.0	13.0	92	935	0.00	2.65	0.00	0.000	4	0.000	0.081	2911	3514	3085
940	1.77	102.1	8.5	11.9	94	953	0.00	2.60	3.25	0.703	6	0.000	0.058	2911	2084	3066
983	end climb: SURFACE_DEPTH_REACHED
state	983	begin surface coast
1071	end surface coast: CONTROL_FINISHED_OK
state	1071	begin surface